How Do Neil Blomkamp District 9 And Clint Eastwood s...

How do Neil Blomkamp in District 9 and Clint Eastwood in Invictus use language and stylistic features in similar and differing ways to present the idea of apartheid? Introduction In Neil Blomkamp’s District 9 and Clint Eastwood’s Invictus, the idea of apartheid is expressed using many different point of views, language and stylistic features. They both use camera angles and techniques to highlight power structures and point of views in the films. Additionally, they both use Mis-on-scene and symbolism to highlight pinnacle perspectives, values and opinions of different characters and communities. Most importantly they both use social historical context to add layers to the film, District 9 itself being a film which shows how devastating†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, in Invictus the camera angles and Mis-on-scene allows the audience to further grasp the point of view of the white community, the same scene as earlier mentioned shows Nelson Mandela pass in a car. On one side of the road Black African children run to the broken wire fence cheering and shouting his name, on the opposite side of the road, we see the white South African chi ldren in matching rugby uniforms standing ridged behind a sturdy black fence looking concerned. The camera angle shows the white children looking down on the black children and passing car highlighting their sense of authority and privilege, it also helps to visually establish how segregated the racial community is early in the film. Similarly, in District 9 we can see that camera angles help to establish the dominance of the oppressors they treat the ‘prawns’ very roughly and despite being shorter than them, we see them towering over the aliens in some scenes. The differences of the white point of view in these two films are the severity of the racial discrimination and the point of view of the Apartheid from the white main characters. In District 9 large amounts of violence and threatening are used against the aliens, burning their homes, killing family, taking away food and lack of justice, in one scene we see Wilkus (the main character) joke about killing alien offs pring as

Characteristics of a Global Business Leader - 1098 Words

Running head: RESEARCH PAPER Research Paper Leadership in Global and Multicultural Organizations Research Paper This paper will examine and contrast the essential characteristics of a global business leader as well as evaluate the characteristics and practices that may assist multinational organizations retain their workforce and boost their morale and team spirit. This paper will also examine views regarding the characteristics and practices necessary for global leaders to successfully manage within the global virtual team environment One of the fastest-growing, high-tech office trends today is ‘virtual teams’. These teams cross time, space, and cultural boundaries and do so effectively with the use of technology.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Communication is a key to keeping teams together and on track.† (Smith Mraz, 2001 p.70). As management of a global virtual and multicultural organization, it is difficult to maintain organizational edge regarding current global and multicultural environmental trends without good communication across the organization. Employees must be kept informed about global environmental trends that affect their professions and the organization as a whole. They must be kept informed about trends in management, policies, regulations, chain of command, roles and responsibilities and what ha ve you. There will be confusion, misunderstanding, productivity problems and quality if there is no effective communication across organizational chain. Another way by which leadership characteristics and practices can assist organizations in maintaining their edge regarding current global and multicultural environmental trends is by ensuring that leaders are social responsible. Global leaders re-examine their production and manufacturing practices and policies to ensure that those practices and policies are environmentally friendly. â€Å"The total corporate social responsibility of business entails the simultaneous fulfillment of the firm’s economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. Like the CSR firm who strive to make a profit, obey the law, beShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Of A Global Mindset1274 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough some of the challenges in conducting business globally, organizations have an increasing need for their leadership to posses s characteristics of a global mindset, because of the global economy and the expanding global workforce. â€Å"Global Mindset is having a vision in the global region that you will be doing business and understanding what it will take to succeed† (Cabrera, A. Unruh, G., 2012, p. 23). 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Groupthink Cmmunication Process

Question: Discuss about the Groupthink Cmmunication Process. Answer: Introduction Groupthink is a concept of psychology, which is a form of flawed decision making in organized groups and in which there exists inadequate critical thinking. Groupthink exists when a need to match is operating (Bnabou 2012). The coin was termed first in 1972 by psychologist Irving Janis. He identified eight symptoms of groupthink: Unnecessary optimism Discounting cautions The belief that the other person has ethical motives The belief that people who are not part of the group are conflict makers A pressure of not wanting to disagree with team members Failure to express different opinions or doubts Assuming that the majority of the opinion is the whole of the opinion Team members who guard the team leader from differing information or dissidents (Houghton 2015) Bay of Pigs and Its Reason of Failure Irving Janis, while forming his theory of groupthink, studied the incident of the United StatesBay of Pigs Invasionof April 1961. After studying this episode, Janis concluded that repeatedly decision makers are blinded by their individual desires of self-esteem from being a part of an important group (Kramer and Dougherty 2013). John F. Kennedys presidency saw three major national security crises, out of which Bay of Pigs was a big failure. The Bay of Pigs crisis was a decision making process that upshot as a negative outcome, failed in achieving the objective and ending the crisis. In 1961 when President Kennedy was elected, Dwight Eisenhower saw that he was being briefed about the upcoming Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba that he initiated. Kennedy was briefed about the Agencys plan long time before he took office, but at that time, he did not raise any objection against it. Even after that, after his taking office, the planning continued (Kennedy et al. 2014). Allen Dulles, the CIA di rector briefed the CIA subcommittee of the HASC on the planned operation activities of the Agency against Fidel Castro organization of the Cuban resistance parties and training of the paramilitary force that would invade the island. Several members of the committee wondered how the 1000 exile-army would stand up against the 200,000 of the Cuban army. Dulles answered that he believes that the exiles would be able to light the fuse that would in turn ignite a general disturbance on the Cuban island (Polk, Kennedy and McNamara 2013). It was nowhere mentioned in the Agency records that other subcommittee members of the Agency were also briefed beforehand. Later on Legislative Counsel Warner told Professor Barrett that CIA subcommittee leaders of the Senate would also have been told. Barrett also mentions that the chairperson of SFRC, Senator Fulbright, was included in the operations by the president himself. Fulbright, on learning about the administrations intentions, wrote a personal letter to President Kennedy in an attempt to persuade him to stop the operation from going forward. In reply, Kennedy asked him to meet at the State Department for personally expressing his misgivings (Polk, Kennedy and McNamara 2013). During the Bay of Pigs incident, President Kennedy was still new and inexperienced in that role and in that situation he was given to handle an awkward situation that he inherited from the previous administration. The existence of the Cuban exiles, who were getting CIA trainings and had been given the assurance that the US would assist them in the Cuban invasion, was a tricky situation to handle. His first mistake was that for the advisory task group he formed he did not provide any direction. In addition to that, he also did not clarify whether the goals were to dispose away the political issues of the overtly enthusiastic and visible Cuban exile army or to achieve any foreign strategic objective vis--vis Cuba (Twombly 2013). The President failed in the perspective of effective leadership because of the following reasons: Failing to communicate with the exile force the expectation that all the members are responsible for the team productivity Failing to recognize and solve the outcomes of the large size of the group and its altering composition with each meeting Failing to identify and solve issues that have resulted because of the heterogeneous attributes of the group, especially the aspect that a portion of the group was in a preferable position with more information in comparison with other team members Failing to point out roles, egg on norms and set levels for encouraging team members so that they can freely express their individual views and face up to assumptions made by others (Rasenberger 2012) Failing to ensure that the team members, other than him, took an in general national standpoint; instead the different parts of the team were allowed to back its individual memo throughout the span of the group. The Kennedy team ignored all the objections put forward by Fulbright, and even Arthur Schlesinger, and moved ahead with belief in the morality of the plan. The team stereotyped Castro and did not bother the question the CIA assumptions about the ineffectiveness of the Castro army and his ability. While studying the incident, Janis claimed that the incident that followed (Cuban Missile Crisis) could have been prevented if the new President and his team had followed the proper methods of group thinking instead of the wrong one (Gioe, Scott and Andrew 2014). Conclusion In the case of the Bay of Pigs invasion, both President Kennedy and the historians poorly judged the result. The outcome was negative no doubt, with regards to the ensuing crisis and the group experience, along with the divisive outcome for the group that demoralized the team members. This flawed decision from President Kennedy and his advisors while authorizing the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba is the case usually employed to demonstrate the event of groupthink. The State departments apparent failure to effectively coordinate the Bay of Pigs crisis response resulted in it being a true example of groupthink failure in history. References Bnabou, R., 2012. Groupthink: Collective delusions in organizations and markets.The Review of Economic Studies, p.rds030. Gioe, D., Scott, L. and Andrew, C., 2014.An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A 50-year Retrospective. Routledge. Houghton, D.P., 2015. Understanding Groupthink: The Case of Operation Market Garden.Parameters,45(3), p.75. Kennedy, J.F., Juan, F.C.J.R.F., Guevara, A.B.C., Ameijeiras, E., San Romn, P. and Oliva, E., 2014. Bay of Pigs Invasion.False Flags, Covert Operations, Propaganda, p.52. Kramer, M.W. and Dougherty, D.S., 2013. Groupthink as communication process, not outcome. Communication Social Change, 1(1), pp.44-62. Polk, A., Kennedy, R. and McNamara, R., 2013. The Bay of Pigs Invasion.Foreign Policy. Rasenberger, J., 2012.The brilliant disaster: JFK, Castro, and America's doomed invasion of Cuba's Bay of Pigs. Simon and Schuster. Twombly, J., 2013. Presidential Decision Making. InThe Progression of the American Presidency(pp. 125-136). Palgrave Macmillan US.

Consumer Behaviour Theory

Question: Discuss about the consumer behaviour theory and the consumer buying behaviour process? Answer: Introduction There are millions of people who dwell on this earth. Each of the people is different from one another in all the respect. It is hard to believe that that each people are guided by their inner instincts when they perform a particular task. It is seen that the people consume when they need and for that they make purchases (Blythe, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to identify the behaviour of the people when they make the purchase decision. It is important to identify what are the factors that drive a person to make a purchase decision (Ang, n.d.). Each and every person makes a purchase decision or purchases based on certain instincts that are internal or external to the person. There are certain aspects that a person considers before he makes a purchase decision. Thus this paper will discuss how individual are influenced while they make purchasing decision, the segmentation in which the individual falls and the process by which the individual passes while they decide upon the purchase. Background As it was said that each people have different purchasing decision and they are guided by the segment in which they fall. The market segment in which the people falls have an influence on how and at what rate the person makes a purchase and the type of products he buys also depends on that. It needs to be seen that the tendency of a person is to consume goods and the services and that it extends beyond the age of the people. It also extends beyond the income as well as education of the people. Energy, intellectualism, self-confidence, innovativeness, novelty seeking, impulsiveness, vanity, and leadership play a critical role (Bruns, Scholderer and Grunert, 2004). According to the VALS segments there are eight segments of classification of the people. These segments are based on the motivation of the people and the resources of the people. According to the VALS the eight types of segment are innovators, thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers, makers, and survivors (Bruns, Scholderer and Grunert, 2004). As it was identified earlier, there are certain categories of people who purchase due to the influence of other, or may be due to the motivation that one derives from within or due to need to the people. There are people who buy for showing off to others. Likewise I have a low involvement for the products that I buy since it can be said that I do not inspect much about the products, and thus often find that I have made the wrong purchase. Since I mainly purchase goods and products that are not very high priced (Cahill, 2006). There are cases when I make the purchase base on the fashion that is prevailing in the market, or the fashion that is very trendy and now being followed by all the people. I mainly purchase products that are needed by me which are from the motivation that I derive from others. In many cases I am influenced by others while I make a purchase decision as because if I like the products that some of my friend have or it is possessed by my relatives, I often tend to b uy those products. Thus it can be said that the purchase that I make are mainly a combination of the decision taken by me and the influence of others as well as the current trends in fashion. It needs to be seen that every time I purchase I do not behave I the same manner. It is in a sense good since all the time that I purchase it is not possible that people will have the same level of need and the motivation. Rather I am guided by some motivation or influences that I get from others or may be sometimes I decide on my own what to purchase (Chantara, Koul and Kaewkuekool, 2014). The consumer buying behaviour process Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Before purchasing the consumer passes through a lot of stages to reach a buying decision, starting with:- Need Recognition Information Search Evaluation of alternatives Buying Decisions Post-Purchase Behaviour/ Evaluation The buying process that I mostly follow can be summarised as follows.1. Need Recognition is the phase where the consumers feel the need to possess a new product (Clarke, 2001). The need does not occur to me as frequently since I have the things that I need mostly from my family. Some of the need that arises are due to the ongoing fashion trends or the immediate need for some goods. The needs are often in my case are triggered due to the liking of a product that somebody else possess.2. Information Search is not something that I religiously follow since the products that I buy are not very high priced and that does not require that much information search. (Consumer Behaviour, 2015). But there are times when I look for the price of t he product before buying since I tend to tally the price from different stores and the price that are offered on the online portals like the flipkart and ebay.3. Evaluation of Alternatives are something that I do (Fraj and Martinez, 2006). When I go to a store for the purchase of any product I like to see different types of products that are on the display. Even if I buy form online I tend to look at the different products. It is because I like to compare the prices of the products.4. Buying Decisions are made by me then as and when the products are liked by me. If I dont like the products I do not buy the product and make sure that the products can be returned to the store if there are any disputes in the products. Often it is seen that I make the purchase decision without even verifying the products since I give very less time during the buying process5. Post-Purchase behaviour happens after the purchase of the products. I do not regret much about the product that I buy as because the products are cheap and are according to my needs. Though at times there are some faults in the products since I do not get involved at the time of buying and thus there are at times that I feel that I have been cheated and I am given a low quality of the product. But mostly it can be said that I am satisfied with the product that I buy. It can be seen that I follow the above mentioned buying process during the purchase of goods which can include electronic gadgets, clothes as well as services that are provided to the people. Before buying the need for the product must arise in order to consider the buying of that product. It needs to be seen that this process is followed by me during the purchase of goods which are expensive, since I have a lot of attachment to the goods while I buy those goods. Thus it is seen that the people while buying expensive goods like electronic goods, car, and jewellery tend to be more attached to the goods and the buying process. While purchasing goods that are low priced I do not get attached with the product or the purchasing process (Virmani, 2013). The evaluation of the alternatives is essential when buying a luxurious product as the comparing of more than two products will allow us to choose the better among the options. More over I look for the products which will offer after sale s ervices and warranties so that I can remain hassle free if the product is damaged. These are some of the factors that guide me when I purchase the expensive products. The VALS segment which I can relate to It was discussed earlier that an individual can be in any one of the segment of the lifestyle. There are six segment based on the purchasing style of the people. They are Innovators Thinkers Achievers Experiencers Believers Strivers Makers Survivors Experiencers I think that I am in accordance with category of Experiencers as they are motivated by self-expression. As young, enthusiastic, and impulsive consumers, Experiencers quickly become enthusiastic about new possibilities but are equally quick to cool (Lin and Lin, 2015). I tend to make purchase based on the current trends that are prevailing in the market. I buy random stuffs often influenced by my friends or family. They seek variety as well as excitement, savouring the new, the offbeat, and the risky. Their energy finds an outlet in exercise, sports, outdoor recreation, and social activities thus it can be said that I find relevance to this group since I am influenced by the purchases that are made by my friends and family. Experiencers are avid consumers and spend a comparatively high proportion of their income on fashion, entertainment, and socializing. Their purchases reflect the emphasis they place on looking good and having "cool" stuff (VALS Segmentation, 2015). Thus for the low priced goods and products I tend to make purchase based on the current trends that are prevailing in the market. I buy random stuffs often influenced by my friends or family. Often it happens that I like a product while passing by the shop, if I can afford it I purchase the product. Here it needs to be seen that in order to purchase, an individual needs to have the capacity to purchase. Thus the capacity to purchase is an important criterion in order to make a purchase decision (VALS Segmentation, 2015). Reference group Reference group plays an important role in the purchase decision of an individual. There are many reference groups that influence a person. Reference group can be the family, the friends, and even the organisation or the working place of an individual (Leguizamon, 2010). Reference groups furnish points of comparison by which one can evaluate attitudes and behavior (Adhikari and Rao, 2012). An individual can be a member of a reference group such as the family and would be said to be part of a membership group. The same individual may aspire to belong to a cricket club and would be said to be a part of an aspiration group. A disclaimant group is one to which an individual may belong or join and then reject the groups value. An individual may also regard the membership in a specific group as something undesirable and to be avoided. Such a group is called dissociative group (Dr. N. Kathirvel and P.VIMALAGRACY, 2011). As it is seen that the reference group has a influence on the buying decision of me also. I am influenced by the way my family and the friends buy. There are peer groups that are the reference group in my case. I am attracted by the way my friends dress and most of those are followed by me. Apart from the current trends like those that are worn by the sports person and the film stars are also my reference points and I tend to make purchase decision based on the style statement that they follow and more over one more thing that can be said about me is that I constantly change the reference group as I am very choosy and often my mind changes with time. Self concept (self image) theory Self concept theory is viewed as most relevant and a popular approach for the marketers as it focuses on how the self image of the individual consumers influences the purchase behaviour. Self concept is defined as the totality of the individuals thought and the feelings having reference to herself or himself as an object. It is seen that each and every people have self concept. Every individual sees himself or herself as having certain attributes and qualities and values them. According to one popular model proposed by M. Joseph Sergy, there are four specific types of self images (UDAYASHANKAR and MURALIDHARAN, 2012). According to the self images the things that the consumers buy are a reflection of what they think and who they believe they are. This represents their actual self, what they would like to be is their ideal self, how feel other see them is their social self and how they would like others to see them is their ideal social self. It was identified by the researchers that t here is one more social image that is the expected self. This means that how the consumers wish to see themselves in the near future (Noel, 2009). It can be said I am more of person who likes to dress according to the latest trends and posses the latest goods that are in the fashion. I like the people to think that I am very modern and know the sense of fashion. I want to maintain this in the future also since I like being this way and there are chances that in the future I might become rational in terms of buying and tend to associate or get involved wit t he products that I buy and take good look at the products. In the future I would like to posses product and goods that will highlight the my status and purchase those that will make the people think that I am a status conscious people. Though it can be said that now I am mostly influenced by the things that are attractive and in demand. The main motive of the people is to make them presentable so that they are appreciated in the society. (Thompson and Prendergast, 2015). It is seen that the individual are more driven by the characteristics, desire, personal goals which are separate from each other (Chen, 2012). Thus the independent self concept theory suggests that the individual are more autonomous, egocentric, self reliant and self contained. Their definition of themselves focuses on what they have done and what they possess as well as their personal traits that often makes the difference from the other individuals (Wood, 2005). This theory has guided me in the purchasing decision. The ideal self within me has been guiding me for making all the decisions that I have taken so far (Shiau and Wu, 2013). It is how I perceive myself to be and how I want to see myself. My inner self has been acting as guidance for me to make the purchase decision and in turn allows me to be comfortable among my friends, family, and the society at large. It is essential for me to look good and posses the goods that will highlight my self-image in the society and among the groups that I associate with. (Sahney, 2015). Conclusion Despite what people thinks, it is necessary to understand that the advertisement also plays an important role in the purchasing decision of an individual. It is seen that an advertisement can create a need among the consumers and at the same time it is seen that no matter how much advertisement is given it will not make the consumer buy the product if he or she has no need for that product (Solomon, 2006). In my opinion it is necessary for the marketers to market the products according to the needs of the people and highlight those features that will attract the consumers to own the product. It can be out of the snob appeal that they feel or the inner desire to own the product or due to the influence of others. Thus I personally would prefer that the products are innovative as well as attractive so that it attracts my attention and I end up buying the products (Finkelstein, 2007). My purchasing power depends on the way I think and feel about the fashion that is in trend nowadays. I a m, very trendy and follow the current trend very religiously. I keep it in mind that the trends that I am following are according to my features and they are complementing me. I wear what looks good on me and I am very fashionable. Apart from the clothes the other things that I buy are mostly influenced by the decision taken by me and my family jointly. Sometimes the decision are based on the products that my friend buy and it happens that I like the product so much that I make the decision to buy the product (Hermans and Gieser, 2012). Bibliography Blythe, J. (2008).Consumer behaviour. London: Thomson Learning. It is important as I am able to learn about the process of decision making that the consumer needs to do un order to purchase the products. Bruns, K., Scholderer, J. and Grunert, K. (2004). Closing the gap between values and behaviora meansend theory of lifestyle.Journal of Business Research, 57(6), pp.665-670. It gave me the understanding as to how the values of the people affect the behavior of the people and thus affect the purchasing decision of the people. Leguizamon, S. (2010). The Influence of Reference Group House Size on House Price.Real Estate Economics, 38(3), pp.507-527. The influence of the reference group on the individual and the consumer are important to know. I was able to find out the reference group that influences my purchasing decision. VALS Segmentation. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.strategicbusinessinsights.com/vals/free/2010-06-VALSbrochure.pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. The study of the VALS segmentation was helpful for me as I was able to identify the segmentation in which I belong and how it affects my purchasing behavior. References Adhikari, A. and Rao, A. (2012). Individual Preference and Bargaining Behavior in Families' Buying Decisions of Restaurant Service.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(3), pp.248-261. Ang, E. (n.d.). Consumer Behaviour.SSRN Journal. Blythe, J. (2008).Consumer behaviour. London: Thomson Learning. Cahill, D. (2006).Lifestyle market segmentation. New York: Haworth Press. Chantara, S., Koul, R. and Kaewkuekool, S. (2014). Relationship between lifestyle values and achievement goal orientation among vocational students in Thailand.Journal of Beliefs Values, 35(1), pp.36-47. Chen, H. (2012). The Influence of Perceived Value and Trust on Online Buying Intention.JCP, 7(7). Clarke, G. (2001). Confirming satisfaction as an attitude within the service-buying process.Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(2), pp.111-123. Consumer Behaviour. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/000160.pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. Dr. N. Kathirvel, D. and P.VIMALAGRACY, P. (2011). Factors Affecting The Buying Behaviour and Buying Preferences of Individual House Owners.IJAR, 4(5), pp.88-90. Finkelstein, J. (2007).The art of self invention. London: I.B. Tauris. Fraj, E. and Martinez, E. (2006). Influence of personality on ecological consumer behaviour.Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 5(3), pp.167-181. Hermans, H. and Gieser, T. (2012).Handbook of dialogical self theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jaakkola, E. (2007). Purchase decision-making within professional consumer services: Organizational or consumer buying behaviour?.Marketing Theory, 7(1), pp.93-108. Leguizamon, S. (2010). The Influence of Reference Group House Size on House Price.Real Estate Economics, 38(3), pp.507-527. Lin, Y. and Lin, H. (2015). The Benefits and Values of Green Lifestyle Consumers.IJMS, 7(1). N.UDAYASHANKAR, N. and DR. K. MURALIDHARAN, D. (2012). A Study on Lifestyle, Religious Values and Value Conflict Among the Working Population in Coimbatore District.Global Journal For Research Analysis, 3(1), pp.163-165. Noel, H. (2009).Consumer behaviour. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Academia. Sahney, S. (2015).CONSUMER BEHAVIOR. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110105029/pdf%20sahany/Module-1-1.pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. Shiau, W. and Wu, H. (2013). Using Curiosity and Group-buying Navigation to Explore the Influence of Perceived hedonic Value, Attitude, and Group-buying Behavioral Intention.Journal of Software, 8(9). Solomon, M. (2006).Consumer behaviour. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Thompson, E. and Prendergast, G. (2015). The influence of trait affect and the five-factor personality model on impulse buying.Personality and Individual Differences, 76, pp.216-221. VALS Segmentation. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.strategicbusinessinsights.com/vals/free/2010-06-VALSbrochure.pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. VALS Sementation. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.d.umn.edu/~rvaidyan/mktg4731/VALSFramework2002-09.pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. Virmani, M. (2013). Modeling Buying Pattern in Emerging Indian Urban Families.JSR, 4(1). Winston, W. and Cahill, D. (2012).Internal Marketing. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Zeb, H., Rashid, K. and Javeed, M. (2011). Influence of Brands on Female Consumer's Buying Behavior in Pakistan.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, pp.225-231.